Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication

Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication The Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication Abstract Introduction Aim/ Purpose Theory Participants Procedure Results Conclusion References Abstract This research will attempt to test the hypothesis whether there is gender difference in use of non verbal communication between male and female with use of gestures. The participants were 47 males and 26 females, individuals comprising of 20 males and 20 females, categorized separately, all above the age of 21.The Individuals were all found in a social bar setting located in downtown San Jose. The participants were between the ages of 21 and 40, this is just an approximation because the participants were not approached or inquired. For the purpose of this study, nonverbal communication was defined as communication other than written or spoken, such as hand gestures. Hand gestures were only recorded when there was a definite distinction between the end of one gesture and the beginning of another. The difference in the mean of hand gestures used by men (M=2.85, SD=3.18) and the mean number of hand gestures used by women (M= 6.9, SD=6.24) was statistically significant t(38)=2.59, p 0.05,two tailed. The data collected did support our hypothesis that women would use more hand gestures than men. There is a significant difference in the number of hand gestures used by women and men. Introduction According to Briton and Hall (2005), in a very general sense, non-verbal communication simply includes all forms of communication, which are not achieved purely through the use of words or other symbols that perform the same task as words. This has been emphasized by Semnani-Azad, Adair, (2011), who reiterate that this is simply not a reference to our behavior (although, of course, some people do act like animals). It is a reference to the fact that humans are biological creatures, as much as crocodiles, cougars, and capybara (Semnani-Azad, Adair, 2011). We are the product of millions of years of evolution, our physical make-up changing to make us fitter to survive and reproduce. Aim/ Purpose This Essay will attempt to analyse whether a gender difference exist in use of verbal communication between male and female this can contribute towards understanding the literature about the elements of non verbal communication. Although humans are animals, we also have something that no other animal has: the most complex social structure on Earth (Eriksson, et al., 2012). We gather in families, tribes, clans, and nations. We have an incredibly sophisticated method of interacting speech. We can communicate over time and distance through printing and broadcasting. Our memories are the longest, our interactions the most intricate, our perception of the world simultaneously the broadest and most detailed (Semnani-Azad, Adair, 2011). The difference between humans and other animals is that, unlike any other animal (as far as we know), we can and do consciously respond or alter our response to a stimulus (Keogh, 2014). The greatest example lies in the existence of amusement parks, where people deliberately subject themselves to stimuli that any other creature on earth would go to great lengths to avoid (Van Beek, Van Dolderen, Dubas, 2006). Imagine, if you can, the reaction of a dog to a roller coaster. If it did not leap out at the first movement, it would cringe in bottom of the car until it probably had a heart attack. Regardless of the occasional demarcation disputes, non-verbal communication occurs within the same basic framework (i.e. output, transmission and input, to condense thousands of pages into three words) as does communication, which is dependent on discrete symbols such as words (Keogh, 2014). Mehrabian found that, on average, words contributed 7% of the total influence on this assessment, while tone of voice and visual clues contributed 38% and 55% respectively. These three aspects of communication are sometimes referred to as verbal, vocal and visual (or the three Vs). It is not always immediately obvious whether an instance of communication should be considered verbal or non-verbal (Caspi, Chajut, Saporta, 2008). Some gestures have agreed meanings which are at least as precise as those of some words. Perhaps, like writing and signing, specific gestures should be considered as verbal communication via the visual input. By the same token, a word which is screamed loudly and harshly could be thought of as non-verbal communication via the auditory input – especially if its meaning did not fit the context (Eriksson, et al., 2012). Another way of looking at this issue is to consider whether the meaning is explicit (precisely defined) or implicit (imprecisely evoked). Words are usually explicit, and gestures are usually implicit. However, in the above examples, the gestures were examples of largely explicit communication, and the screamed word was an example of largely implicit communication. Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication has always been an important skill that all people should develop. Previous studies have hinted at the idea that men and women communicate differently. Spangler, (1995) suggested that women tend to be better at using and decoding nonverbal communicating cues, especially facial expressions. In a stereotypical beliefs study by Caspi, Chajut, and Saporta, (2008), it was suggested that women were believed to use the face and hands to express their ideas more than men. While another study by Schmid, Schmid Mast, Bombari, and Mast, (2011) suggested that women are believed to employ more expressive and involve more nonverbal communication than men, and that they are more skilled at sending and receiving nonverbal messages. Theory Nonverbal communication represents two-thirds of all communication. Nonverbal communication can portray a message both verbally and with the correct body signals. Body signals comprise physical features, conscious and unconscious gestures and signals, and the mediation of personal space .The wrong message can be established if the body language conveyed does not match a verbal message. In this research, women are more likely than men to perceive touch from opposite-gender strangers as unpleasant and an invasion of privacy. Moreover, the more women perceive a touch as sexual from a male stranger, the less they perceive the touch as warm and friendly; whereas, the more men perceive a touch as sexual from a female stranger, the more they perceive it as warm, pleasant, and friendly (for a review, see Hertenstein et al. 2006b). In the present study, we tested predictions regarding gender differences in the accuracy with which individuals can communicate distinct emotions through touch in human communication, relying on previously published data (Hertenstein et al. 2006). This study included the requisite four different dyad groups (encoder-decoder): female–female, female–male, male–male, and male–female. Overall accuracy across 12 emotions did not vary by gender, as reported in the original article. However, gender differences were not analyzed for each emotion separately. These aggregate analyses limited the inferences that could be made regarding gender differences in the communication of emotion via touch. In the present study, we analyzed each of the emotions separately focusing on two emotions that evolutionary and social role accounts both suggest should vary by gender: sympathy and anger. We also focused on happiness, an emotion that has shown consistent gender differences (e.g., LaFrance et al 2003). Researchers have documented empirical support for such stereotypes (Brody and Hall 2000); women report experiencing more happiness than men (Brody 1993) and they smile more than men (Hall et al. 2002; LaFrance et al. 2003). Predicated upon theory and the empirical work demonstrating that women experience and express more positive emotionality than men, we predicted that dyads comprised solely of females would communicate happiness with touch at above-chance levels. In summary, based on theoretical and empirical evidence reviewed above, we made predictions regarding three different emotions: sympathy, anger, and happiness. More specifically, we predicted that when females are in an experimental dyad, sympathy will be decoded at above-chance levels. We also predicted that dyads involving males would accurately communicate anger with touch. Finally, we predicted that dyads comprised solely of females would accurately communicate happiness with touch. Participants The participants were 47 males and 26 females, individuals comprising of 20 males and 20 females, categorized separately, all above the age of 21.The Individuals were all found in a social bar setting located in downtown San Jose. The participants were between the ages of 21 and 40, this is just an approximation because the participants were not approached or inquired. In order to further investigate the idea that women have better communication skills than men, my partner and I constructed a study where 40 participants were observed. Twenty men and 20 women who were in a bar setting were observed for 2 minutes each. While the individuals were engaged in a conversation, the two-minute timer was set and the amount of times hand gestures used were tallied. We hypothesized that because women have better communication skills than men, that women will have a higher average use of hand gestures than men. Procedure While in a highly social setting, 36 males and 26 females were identified and observed. As the observers we identified the male or female participant and set our timers for two minutes. Making our observation as discreet as possible, every use of nonverbal Communication was recorded. For the purpose of this study, nonverbal communication was defined as communication other than written or spoken, such as hand gestures. Hand gestures were only recorded when there was a definite distinction between the end of one gesture and the beginning of another. The chi-square (pronounced ‘kai’) distribution is the most commonly used method of comparing proportions. It is symbolized by the Greek letter chi or c 2). This test makes it possible to determine whether the difference exists between two groups and their preference or likelihood of doing something is real or just a chance occurrence. In other words, it determines whether a relationship or association exists between being in one of the two groups and the behavior or characteristic under study. If in a survey of 692 respondents, we asked whether or not they are interested attending attractions and events that deal with history and heritage during their vacation, and we wanted to determine whether there is a difference in how men and women respond to this question, we could calculate a chi-square. C 2 determines the differences between the observed (fo) and expected frequencies (fe). The observed frequencies are the actual survey results, whereas the expected frequencies refer to the hypothetical distribution based on the overall proportions between the two characteristics if the two groups are alike. For example, if we have the following survey results: Choose 1 data set and use this data for the research report for NVC Date set 1: Observed frequencies Then we can calculate our expected frequencies (fe) based on the proportion of respondents who said ‘yes’ versus ‘no’. It can also be calculated for each cell by the row total with the column total divided by the grand total This second table, we hypothesized that because women have better communication skills than men, they will have a higher average use of hand gestures than men, also representing the null hypothesis or Ho. (Therefore, if a study says that it fails to reject the null hypothesis, it means that no relationship was found to exist between the variables under study.) Hence, the calculation is as follows: The critical value for a level of significance of .05 (or 95% level of confidence, the normal level in this type of research) is 3.841. This means that you are confident that 95% of the distribution falls below this critical value. Since our result is above this value, we can: Reject the null hypothesis that no difference exists between interest in attending historical attractions and events and gender (in other words, there is a difference between genders); and Conclude that the differences in the groups are statistically significant (or not due to chance) You will not need to memorize all the critical values since computer programs such as SPSS will not only calculate the c 2 values for you, but will also give you the precise level of observed significance (known as p value), which in our case is .039. If this level of significance is above the standard .05 level of statistical significance, you are dealing with a statistically significant relationship. Increasing your understanding of non-verbal communication is the first step in improving your own use and comprehension of this vital aspect of interpersonal interaction. In order to determine the difference between the average amount of nonverbal communication used between men and women, my partner and I constructed an observational study where 40 selected participants were observed for 2 minutes each within a bar setting. The sample group of participants consisted of 20 males and 20 females. The study showed that there was a significant difference in the amount of times women use han d gestures in comparison to the amount of times men use hand gestures Results The difference in the mean of hand gestures used by men (M=2.85, SD=3.18) and the mean number of hand gestures used by women (M= 6.9, SD=6.24) was statistically significant t(38)=2.59, p 0.05,two tailed. The data collected did support our hypothesis that women would use more hand gestures than men. There is a significant difference in the number of hand gestures used by women and men. We believed that women would use more hand gestures than men because of the stereotype, that women are more social and outgoing than men. Women are also believed to express their feelings more than men, which we believed is connected to the way women communicate and the amount of hand gestures they use. Conclusion I believe that further research in this area would be extremely helpful in analyzing why women are better at expressing themselves. Some of the sampling problems in this study could have been that the individuals being observed may have mild case of Tourette’s syndrome that causes to have constant movement, that movement could have easily been confused for a hand gesture. Another sampling problem could have been the attempt to grab a drink or a straw could have been counted as a hand gesture, when the gesture had nothing to do with communication. References Briton, N J, Hall, J A (2005). Beliefs about female and male nonverbal communication. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 32, 79(12). Retrieved November 5, 2008, from Expanded Academic ASAP Database. Caspi, A., Chajut, E., Saporta, K. (2008). Participation in Class and in Online Discussions: Gender Differences.Computers Education,50(3), 718-724. Eriksson, M., Marschik, P. B., Tulviste, T., Almgren, M., Perez Pereira, M., Wehberg, S., Gallego, C. (2012). Differences between Girls and Boys in Emerging Language Skills: Evidence from 10 Language Communities.British Journal Of Developmental Psychology,30(2), 326-343. Keogh, E. (2014). Gender differences in the nonverbal communication of pain: A new direction for sex, gender, and pain research?.Pain. Schmid, P., Schmid Mast, M., Bombari, D., Mast, F. (2011). Gender Effects in Information Processing on a Nonverbal Decoding Task.Sex Roles,65(1/2), 102-107. Semnani-Azad, Z., Adair, W. L. (2011). The Display of Dominant Nonverbal Cues in Negotiation: The Role of Culture and Gender.International Negotiation,16(3), 451-479. Spangler, L. (1995). Gender-Specific Nonverbal Communication: Impact for Speaker Effectiveness.Human Resource Development Quarterly,6(4), 409-419. Van Beek, Y., Van Dolderen, M. M., Demon Dubas, J. S. (2006). Gender-Specific Development of Nonverbal Behaviours and Mild Depression in Adolescence.Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry,47(12), 1272-1283. Page 1

Speaking and Listening on Charity Appeals

Starter: there are many different types of charity appeals most of which we have been exposed to time and time again. Here is a sample charity appeal that we have written and we would like you to say what you think about it Q and A questions: -What was affective about this appeal -What was not so affective -Overall what do you think is better a speech spoken orally or on a tv or radio Appeal follow up: if it is tv – then say personally I think that)In general charity appeals that are spoken orally, like the one i just read out are better because they are more inviting and encouraging to the audience; whereas other more visual ones are harsher with the audience. also people tend to take in more when a person is actually speaking to them face to face as it isn’t as manufactured as the visual appeals. It is straight to the point and even more truthful also the audience can actually feel the emotion coming from the appeal instead of just staring at a TV. General intro: There is no denying that charity appeals, oral or on the television are effective. But really, how effective are they? Do they have an effect on us? Or are we just immune to them? Well, in my personal opinion, I think that Charity appeals do have an effect on us. When we see a charity appeal on television we feel upset or distraught by the images shown and the content. They get the message across very clearly. The general message in a charity appeal is â€Å"People in the western world are very well off, then there are the extremely poor people in poor countries who do not have water or cannot even feed their children† A message like this makes the reader feel guilty and will make them pick that phone up and donate money to these countries. An image of a disastrous earthquake will make the viewer feel upset, however sometimes an image of a man with a tear streaming down his sombre face. Against Although there are many obvious pros to charity appeals there are some negatives that are closely followed by. One main reason is that they are too repetitive, and can become tedious watching the same advert all the time. So in essence people don’t tend to notice them anymore. Also many people have just resorted to changing the channel, because of the appeal being something they’ve seen one too many times or it being too long and dreary. Another thing is that there is now so many charities that nearly every appeal that you hear follows the same obvious message but with a different name at the beginning of it. Likewise some appeals are just too upsetting sure this may create an impact on the viewer but there is a line between evoking some sort of emotion and becoming totally despondent and disheartened in this already depressing world we live In. nother aspect of this is that the charity appeals can be too accessible to younger children in terms of the tv, radio or internet. This may cause the child to become seriously affected by an especially depressing appeal. to children the world is a perfect place so why should charity appeals burst the bubble they live in. Also By having so many charities claiming that they are helping the world tends to make you wonder why hasn’t anything big been achieved yet shouldn’t something like world starvation been sorted out yet?

Enhancers and inhibitors Essay

If you don’t know the topic that the service user wants to discuss then just for the sake of it you shouldn’t carry on the conversation as your lack of understanding may not be guiding them in the right direction, so you should then find someone who can help sort out their issue and leave them in someone else’s care. Therefore enhancing safety/security because if you are informing the service user how to go about sorting out a medical issue and you are not qualified to diagnose them but you still make them think they have some life threatening disease and they don’t by doing this you are putting their safety at risk. Effective communication can be enhanced if the service user knows that the professional does not know what he/she is talking about they may not want to talk about personal problems if they feel they are not being taken seriously. Timing is a key aspect of communication as if you don’t have enough you shouldn’t rush through a conversation either rearrange the timings so you have enough or sort out another date when you can meet properly and talk through the matter, as this is the more professional way of handling time problems. Healthcare professionals shouldn’t discuss personal matters in unprofessional settings. For example where there is a lot of background disturbance and this could affect the way in which the service user would talk to you and how much of their personal problems they would share down a busy corridor shouting over people. In order to enhance the service users’ care values/rights it is important that the care worker maintains the dignity, privacy, safety/security and effective communication of the service user in this situation. The care worker can maintain the service users’ dignity by not shouting medical complications that the service user might have across people as this may not make the service user feel very comfortable especially if they are with friends or family. By using a private consultation room to discuss any concerns the carer or service user may have is a better way to enhance the service users’ rights. Shouting personal problems across public places can put the service users’ safety/security at risk as this would decrease their trust in the carer. When you consider all these aspects discussed above you can gain the service users trust and respect and this is a good, open relationship to have between a service user and a care worker enabling the service user to be able to talk to the care worker about any problems they may have to share their concerns about. Having good relationships with your clients is very important because the service user won’t have to feel a barrier between them and can open up to the care worker more easily. Password protection is also crucial as no one should know your password other than you and it must be changed regularly as if certain information gets into the wrong hands then it can be used unprofessionally and this is breaking the Data Protection Act. This enhances confidentiality, privacy and safety/security. It enhances confidentiality because by using passwords and changing them regularly it makes it harder for personal information to get into the wrong hands. If certain personal documents/information does get into the wrong hands then this could put the service users’ safety/security at risk. Having different formats is also essential as there are people who have various impairments and they would need to access the same information as people who don’t have these impairments and they can be as leaflets in Braille or other languages. This enhances effective communication and choice as you are providing everyone who may need to use the same facilities as other people who don’t have impairments or communicating problems with the correct format that they would understand. If some hospitals/doctors surgeries don’t cater for the needs of these different needs and requirements it may be seen as an inhibitor to communication.

Supervise vs. Monitor

Supervise vs. Monitor Supervise vs. Monitor Supervise vs. Monitor By Maeve Maddox A reader wants to know if there’s a difference between the verbs supervise and monitor. Both are synonyms for the act of overseeing the execution of a task or activity. Some speakers use them interchangeably, but they do differ in connotation. Supervise implies more interaction than monitor. Supervisors have the responsibility of informing and directing, while monitors observe without instructing. A person who supervises children is expected to step in if they behave contrary to expectations; a person or machine engaged in monitoring an activity is not generally expected to deal directly with a problem, but to alert a person in charge. The noun form for supervise is supervisor; monitor serves as noun as well as verb. A supervisor is always human; a monitor may be a human being or a machine. Monitor comes from Latin monere, â€Å"to warn.† It’s the monitor’s job to warn someone that some activity is not proceeding according to plan. You might monitor your utility bills by keeping track of the monthly increases and decreases. The Yankees also will monitor what the Brewers do with Rickie Weeks, who could be beaten out at second base by Scooter Gennett. Just asking a child to monitor their own behavior will increase the behavior that you want and reduce the behavior you do not want to see. Sometimes a monitor may be expected to act, but only in an extreme situation requiring immediate attention. Police expected to monitor Rizzuto funeral visitation closely Another noun for the person who oversees the work of others is overseer, a word which can bear a negative connotation. Historically, an overseer was in charge of slaves or, in Australia, a band of convicts. In modern Australian usage, an overseer is the manager of a sheep station or other rural property. In American usage, an Overseer is a member of a university governing board, or a religious leader. In general American usage, however, overseer is still strongly associated with slavery; think Jonas Wilkerson in Gone With the Wind. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should KnowSelect vs. SelectedList of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

Laura Clay, Southern Womens Suffrage Leader

Laura Clay, Southern Womens Suffrage Leader Laura Clay Facts Known for: major Southern woman suffrage spokesperson. Clay, like many Southern suffragists, saw womens suffrage as reinforcing white supremacy and power.Occupation: reformerDates: February 9, 1849 - June 29, 1941 Laura Clay Biography Laura Clay Quote: Suffrage is Gods cause, and God leads our plans. Laura Clays mother was Mary Jane Warfield Clay, from a wealthy family prominent in Kentucky horse racing and breeding, herself an advocate of womens education and womens rights. Her father was the noted Kentucky politician Cassius Marcellus Clay, a cousin of Henry Clay, who founded an anti-slavery newspaper and helped found the Republican party. Cassius Marcellus Clay was the United States ambassador to Russia for 8 years under Presidents Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson and Ulysses S. Grant. He returned from Russia for a time and is credited with talking Lincoln into signing the Emancipation Proclamation. Laura Clay had five brothers and sisters; she was the youngest. Her older sisters were involved in working for womens rights. Mary B. Clay, one of her older sisters, organized Kentuckys first womens suffrage organization, and was president of the American Woman Suffrage Association from 1883 to 1884. Laura Clay was born at her familys home, White Hall, in Kentucky, in 1849. She was the youngest of four girls and two boys. Lauras mother, Mary Jane Clay, was largely in charge, during her husbands long absences, of managing the family farms and property inherited from her family. She saw that her daughters were educated. Cassius Marcellus Clay was from a wealthy slaveholding family. He became an anti-slavery advocate, and among other incidents where he was met with violent reactions to his ideas, he was once nearly assassinated for his views. He lost his seat in the Kentucky state House because of his abolitionist views. He was a supporter of the new Republican Party, and nearly became Abraham Lincolns vice president, losing that spot to Hannibal Hamlin. At the beginning of the Civil War, Cassius Clay helped organize volunteers to protect the White House from a Confederate takeover, when there were no federal troops in the city. During the years of the Civil War, Laura Clay attended Sayre Female Institute in Lexington, Kentucky. She attended a finishing school in New York before returning to her family home. Her father opposed to her further education. The Reality of Womens Rights From 1865 to 1869, Laura Clay helped her mother run the farms, her father still absent as ambassador to Russia. In 1869, her father returned from Russia and the next year, he moved his four-year-old Russian son into the family home at White Hall, his son from a long affair with a prima ballerina with the Russian ballet. Mary Jane Clay moved to Lexington, and Cassius sued her for divorce on grounds of abandonment, and won. (Years later, he created more scandal when he married a 15 year old servant, probably against her will as he had to restrain her from leaving. He divorced her after she attempted suicide. That marriage ended in divorce just three years later.) Under existing Kentucky laws, he could have claimed all the property his ex-wife had inherited from her family and he could have kept her from the children; he claimed his wife owed him $80,000 for her years living at White Hall. Fortunately for Mary Jane Clay, he did not pursue those claims. Mary Jane Clay and her daughters who were still unmarried lived on the farms she inherited from her family, and were supported by the income from these. But they were aware the under the existing laws, they were able to do so only because Cassius Clay did not pursue his rights to the property and income. Laura Clay managed to attend one year of college at the University of Michigan and one semester at State College of Kentucky, leaving to put her efforts into working for womens rights. Working for Womens Rights in the South Laura Clay Quote: Nothing is so laborsaving as a vote, properly applied. In 1888, the Kentucky Woman Suffrage Association was organized, and Laura Clay was elected its first president. She remained president until 1912, by which time the name had changed to the Kentucky Equal Suffrage Association. Her cousin, Madeleine McDowell Breckinridge, succeeded her as president. As head of the Kentucky Equal Suffrage Association, she led efforts to change Kentucky laws to protect married womens property rights, inspired by the situation in which her mother had been left by her divorce. The organization also worked to have female doctors on staff at state mental hospitals, and to have women admitted to State College of Kentucky (Transylvania University) and Central University. Laura Clay was also a member of the Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and she was part of the Womans Club movement, holding state offices in each organization. While Laura Clays father had been a liberal Republican and perhaps in reaction to that Laura Clay became active in Democratic Party politics. Elected to the board of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), newly merged in 1890, Clay chaired the new groups membership committee and was its first auditor. Federal or State Suffrage? Around 1910, Clay and other Southern suffragists began to be uncomfortable with efforts within the national leadership to support a federal woman suffrage amendment. This, they feared, would provide a precedent for federal interference in the voting laws of Southern states which discriminated against African Americans. Clay was among those who argued against the strategy of a federal amendment. Laura Clay was defeated in her bid for reelection to the board of the NAWSA in 1911. In 1913, Laura Clay and other Southern suffragists created their own organization, the Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference, to work for state-level womens suffrage amendments, to support voting rights only for white women. Probably hoping for compromise, she supported federal legislation to allow women to vote for members of Congress, providing the women otherwise qualified as voters in their states. This proposal was debated at NAWSA in 1914, and a bill to implement this idea was introduced into Congress in 1914, but it died in committee. In 1915-1917, like many of those involved in womens suffrage and womens rights, including Jane Addams and Carrie Chapman Catt, Laura Clay was involved in the Womans Peace Party. When the United States entered World War I, she left the Peace Party. In 1918, she briefly joined in supporting a federal amendment, when President Wilson, a Democrat, endorsed it. But then Clay resigned her membership in the NAWSA in 1919. She also resigned from the Kentucky Equal Rights Association that she had headed from 1888 to 1912. She and others formed, instead, a Kentucky-based Citizens Committee to work for a suffrage amendment to the Kentucky state constitution. In 1920, Laura Clay went to Nashville, Tennessee, to oppose ratification of the woman suffrage amendment. When it (barely) passed, she expressed her disappointment. Democratic Party Politics Laura Clay Quote: I am a Jeffersonian Democrat. In 1920, Laura Clay founded the Democratic Womens Club of Kentucky. That same year was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention. Her name was placed in nomination for President, making her the first woman so nominated at a major partys convention. She was nominated in 1923 as a Democratic candidate for the Kentucky State Senate. In 1928, she campaigned in Al Smiths presidential race. She worked after 1920 for repeal of the 18th Amendment (prohibition), even though she herself was a teetotaler and a WCTU member. She was a member of the Kentucky state convention that ratified repeal of prohibition (the 21st Amendment), primarily on states rights grounds. After 1930 After 1930, Laura Clay led mostly a private life, focusing on reform within the Episcopal church, her lifelong religious affiliation. She interrupted her privacy to oppose a law paying male teachers more than female teachers would be paid. She worked mostly within the church on womens rights, especially on allowing women to be delegates to church councils, and on permitting women to attend the Episcopal churchs University of the South. Laura Clay died in Lexington in 1941. The family home, White Hall, is a Kentucky historical site today. Laura Clays Positions Laura Clay supported womens equal rights to education and to the vote. At the same time, she believed that black citizens were not yet developed enough to vote. She did support, in principle, educated women of all races getting the vote, and spoke at times against ignorant white voters. She contributed to an African American church project aimed at self-improvement. But she also supported states rights, supported the idea of white superiority, and feared federal interference in Southern states voting laws, and so, except briefly, did not support a federal amendment for woman suffrage. Connections The boxer Muhammed Ali, born Cassius Marcellus Clay, was named for his father who was named for Laura Clays father. Books About Laura Clay Paul E. Fuller. Laura Clay and the Womans Rights Movement 1975.John M. Murphy. Laura Clay (1894-1941), a Southern Voice for Womans Rights. Women Public Speakers in the United States, 1800-1925: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, ed. 1993.

System Development Plan for The Fitness Centre Case Study

System Development Plan for The Fitness Centre - Case Study Example For example, according to one definition, an information system is an organized collection, storage, and presentation system of data and other knowledge for decision making, progress reporting, and for planning and evaluation of programs. It can be either manual or computerized, or a combination of both. In the light of the above introduction of the information system given above, it would be suffice to say that the purpose of this system is to design an information system that not only stores the concerned information, but also organize it, manage it and disseminates it in such a manner that it helps in the effective decision making in the organization and in achieving the organizational objectives. Here the term 'concerned information' refers to the information that is supposed to be used by this information system, which is the data related various fitness activities from the dimension of the members, fitness consultants etc. It is the goal of the fitness centre to be innovative in practice, excellent in service and first choice for the customers. There were days when it was considered that computers are required for NASA. However, now it is a well accepted fact that the use of information technology is required for any business process, in order to make it effective and gain competitive edge over others. The propose system will be able to facilitate all the stakeholders of the system. This means that on one hand, this system will help the users to keep a record of their activities related to the fitness centre, moreover, it will also help them to access the information directly and easily and doing so with least cost, in terms of time and money. Looking from another perspective, this will also help the management and the organization in a number of ways. For example, the finance and budgeting and planning department will be able to forecast demand and supply for next period and thus, make their plans ac cordingly in the light of the meaningful data provided by the information system. Likewise, the marketing department will be able to develop the marketing strategies in the light of the trends analyzed from the data provided by the information system. In this way, other departments will also be able to utilize the data provided by this system to achieve their own departmental goals, which will ultimately result in the achievement of the organizational goals. In this way, we expect for this system too, what an effective information system should be, in the light of abovementioned discussion. Thus, we expect this system to provide the organization a competitive edge over others, since the information system for the fitness centres is relatively newer concept in the industry and the organization can get the first move advantage. ROLES IN THE PROJECT: The Fitness Centre is required to develop a project team to work for this project from the beginning to the end. It is however possible, in fact required, that the composition of such project team needs to be changed as the project progresses. Such project team would be the cross functional team comprising of stakeholders from

Eating in restaurant or home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eating in restaurant or home - Essay Example Eating at restaurant is an altogether different experience as compared to eating at home. Eating at restaurant is a costly experience lacking privacy but enriched with a wide and diverse range of foods whereas eating at home is a cost-effective experience enriched with privacy and customization. The first and the foremost thing that makes eating at restaurant different from eating at home is that one is surrounded by other families in the former unlike the latter. Eating at a restaurant is a kind of social experience. People tend to eat at restaurant with their friends. The privacy of having a meal at home can only be attained at a fairly high cost at the restaurant. People frequently purchase food from the restaurant and bring that home to eat in order to enjoy food in privacy. While restaurant are visited for eating with friends, people eat with their families at home to enjoy the food in private. The quality of food at a restaurant also depends upon the type of restaurant, with the more expensive restaurants having higher quality as compared to the cheaper restaurants. Costly restaurants charge more because of the hygiene they maintain. While there is little an individual can do to alter the quality of food at a restaurant, quality of food can be adjusted in the home-cooked food as per the want of the family. People customize the flavors of standard recipes by adjusting the content of salt, sugar and such other spices depending upon their individualistic needs and preferences. Eating at restaurant proves costlier than eating at home. â€Å"Restaurants charge even simple food items exorbitantly† (â€Å"Topic No. 3†). Restaurants charge their clients the cost of service, exotic views of the restaurant, and profit in addition to the basic cost of food, whereas the cost incurred on the home-cooked food is just the cost of ingredients and cooking, which is certainly much lesser than the cost of restaurant-made food. Concluding, eating at restaurant and